Embedded System & Electronics

An embedded system combines electronic circuits and firmware to perform a device function. KNA supports requirements, microcontroller selection, hardware design, programming, integration, and testing. Applications include measurement instruments, controllers, data loggers, gateways, research equipment, and custom electronic products.

ESP32, STM32, AVR, PIC, or nRF52 platforms are selected for computing needs, peripherals, power use, connectivity, and availability. The right platform supports the device's functions and constraints; it need not be the most complex.

Hardware work can include schematics, component selection, PCB design, power supplies, signal conditioning, and sensor and actuator interfaces. Prototypes verify functions before further development. Enclosures, connectors, mounting, programming access, and service access are also considered.

Firmware manages inputs, data processing, communications, and control outputs. Its structure can use state machines, interrupts, timers, and tasks to meet response requirements. An RTOS is considered when task coordination and real-time requirements justify it.

A device that hangs, restarts, or produces inconsistent readings requires investigation of timing, memory, power, circuitry, and firmware. Testing does not end when code compiles; device behavior must match the agreed operating conditions.

Sensor selection considers range, resolution, accuracy, noise, response time, calibration needs, and operating environment. Systems can measure temperature, humidity, pressure, distance, motion, current, or voltage, then store and transmit the data as required.

Motor and actuator control, displays, and user interfaces can be included in the device. Measurement targets and verification methods are agreed for the application; accuracy is not assumed from a single component's specification.

Interfaces are selected for distance, speed, environment, and connected equipment. Protocols and data formats must be understood at both ends before integration. Systems can operate locally or connect to applications, dashboards, and IoT services.

• UART, I2C, SPI, USB, RS485, Modbus RTU/TCP, CAN, and Ethernet as supported by the equipment.
• Wi-Fi, Bluetooth Low Energy, or LoRa for suitable connectivity requirements.
• Power optimization, local processing, and edge AI can be evaluated when the application needs them.

Share the device function, inputs and outputs, power supply, size, operating environment, interfaces, unit quantity, and test targets. Deliverables may include a prototype, hardware, firmware, documentation, or system integration as agreed. Moving toward production is a separate stage after evaluating the design and test results.